Nano Science and Nano Technology Comparison

Nano Science and Nano Technology ComparisonWhenever the topic nano technology comes up most(prenominal) of us dont concur a clear idea of what it is. in offseticular when it is about the difference between nano science and nano technology. Then what is nano science?Nanoscience is the look at of objects with size less(prenominal) than hundred nanometers at least in peerless dimension. When objects go to nanometer scale in size, their deportment get changed use laws may not be the same as when they were larger in size. Nanoscience involves finding governing laws of these bantam objects, deriving theoretical sit arounds to describe the behavior of those nanoscale materials and analyzing the properties of them.So, what is Nano technology?Nanotechnology is applied science the nanoscale objects at molecular level using distinct techniques. Nanotechnology is altogether about techniques and tools to come up with a nanoscale stick out or system that exploit the properties at mo lecular level to be to a greater extent than than accurate and efficient.Using the knowledge on material behaviour at nanoscale which is got from nanoscience, nanotechnology focuses on properties much(prenominal) as strength, lightness, electrical and thermal conductance and reactivity to design and manufacture useful items.How did all start?The emergence of nanotechnology in the mid-eighties was ca apply by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the see tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation.The conceptual originThe Ameri cornerstone physicist Richard Feynman lectured, Theres grass of Room at the posterior, at an American Physical conjunction meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959, which is often held to have provided consumption for the field of nano technology. Feynman had described a process by which the ability to talk through ones hat idiosyncratic hints and molecules might be developed, using one set of meticulous tools to pee-pee and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would rescind from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena gravity would become less important, out tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important.The Nipponese scientist called Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University of Science was the branch to use the boundary nano-technology in a 1974 conference,11 to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film affidavit and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the redact of a nanometer. His definition was, Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. However, the term was not use d again until 1981 when Eric Drexler, who was oblivious(predicate) of Taniguchis prior use of the term, published his first piece on nanotechnology in 1981.In the 1980s the idea of nanotechnology as a deterministic, rather than stochastic, intervention of several(prenominal) atoms and molecules was conceptually explored in depth by K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and two influential books.In 1980, Drexler encountered Feynmans provocative 1959 talk Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom while preparing his initial scientific report card on the subject, molecular(a) Engineering An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation, published in the Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences in 1981.1 The term nanotechnology (which paralleled Taniguchis nano-technology) was inde drop a linedently applied by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation The approach Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale assembler which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He likewise first published the term grey goo to describe what might relegate if a hypothetical self-replicating machine, capable of independent operation, were constructed and released.DefinitionNanotechnology is a multi-disciplinary engineering field, which draws from and benefits atomic get 18as such as materials science and engineering, chemistry, physics, biology, and medicineNano-engineered materials, addresses the synthesis, picture show and engineering employment of several classes of advanced materials, including nanocrystalline materials and nanopowders used in electronics and photonics applications, as catalysts in automobiles, in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as membranes for fuel cells, and for industrial-scale polymers.The design, synthesis, characterization, application and fundamental studies o f impertinent crystalline metal oxide nano-materials that may be used for next-generation rechargeable batteries.Nano-engineering of polymer electrolyte membranes. henry fuel cells use these membranes to combine hydrogen and oxygen and produce energy. victimisation of nano-particles as powerful catalysts for petro chemic refinery applications.Basic and applied research in photonic and photonic phone gap crystals for optical and microwave communications.Design, synthesis, fundamental infrastanding and processing of polymer nano-composites, which are used in several applications for the automotive, aerospace, electronic components and packaging industries.Nano-electronics, addresses the development of systems and materials that leave lavatory enable the electronics industry to overcome watercourse technological limits. Also part of this theme area is a new generation of electronics based on plastics, which is expected to ca-ca new markets with applications ranging from smart c ards to tube-like calculators.Experimentation in electron beam lithography, to fabricate nanostructures and nanoelectronic devices, and to determine how the arrangement of molecules affects the chemical properties of substances. complete studies and development of nanocrystalline thin-film semiconductors, devices and circuits for electronics and spintronics. nurture and fabrication of Micro- and Nano-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS). New devices being researched acknowledge NEMS-based metamaterials, miniature signal processing devices, biomedical, diagnostic and image processing devices, tiny wireless components (filters, mixers, antennas), miniature opto-electromechanical devices (optical relays, optical multiplexers, deformable optics), miniature biosensors and environmental sensors, and micro- and nano-fluidics devices.Organic synthesis, characterization and application of molecular organic semiconductor materials for electronic/optoelectronic devices. These materials are unambiguously positioned to render low cost fabrication processes (e.g., printable electronics) and to enable raw applications, such as, flexible- and molecular-electronics.Nano-biosystems, addresses the molecular manipulation of biomaterials and the engineering of nanoscale systems and processes of biological and medicinal interest, such as, for example, the targeted delivery of therapeutical agents and the design of DNA, peptide, protein, and cell chips.Interfacing nano-chips to bio-molecules.Creation of nano-vehicles that mimic the carriage viruses interact with specific cells. This will facilitate the delivery of drugs directly to targeted cells, and could, for instance, exceed the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy by directing the therapeutic agents to cancer cells unaccompanied.Development of nanotechnology methods for therapeutic applications, for example, for replacing faulty DNA or RNA strands with corrected strands.Development of nano-techniques for inactivation o f microbes an efficient and cheap method of food sterilization.Nano- peckers addresses some of the most far-reaching yet practical applications of miniature instruments for measuring atoms or molecules in chemical, clinical, or biochemical analysis in biotechnology for agent detection and environmental analysis.Lab-on-chip and micro-nano fluidic devices for biodiagnostics and protein sequencing.Fundamental studies leading to development of theories behind measurements at the nano-scale.Fabrication of orchestration and development of methodology for micro- and nano-analytical chemistry for measurements of pollutants on-site.Using micro as an port between the nano-scale and the macroscopic, human-scale.Development and characterization of mobile micro- and nano- instruments that are small, cheap and under wireless control.Measurement of how nano-materials grow and form on surfaces.Studies of polymer interfaces, adhesion and sweat of polymer chains glass transition in confined geometr ies.What do we have so far?scientists at the Department of Energys Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a catalyst made of carbon, tomentum and nitrogen and applied voltage to trigger a complicated chemical reaction that essentially reverses the combustion process. With the help of the nanotechnology-based catalyst which contains multiple reaction sites, the solution of carbon dioxide dissolved in water turned into fermentation alcohol with a yield of 63 percent. Typically, this type of electrochemical reaction results in a mix of several different products in small amounts.How it startedThe ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long forward the term nanotechnology was used. In his talk, Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. everywhere a ex later, in his explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology. It wasnt until 1981, with the development of the examine tunneling microscope that could see individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began.Once scientists had the right tools, such as the scanning tunneling microscope (immediate memory) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), the age of nanotechnology was born.Although modern nanoscience and nanotechnology are quite new, nanoscale materials were used for centuries. Alternate-sized luxurious and silver particles created colors in the stained glass windows of medieval churches hundreds of years ago. The artists back then just didnt know that the process they used to create these beautiful works of art actually led to changes in the paper of the materials they were working(a) with.Todays scientists and engineers are finding a wide variety of ship canal to deliberately make materials at the nanoscale to take payoff of their enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and great chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts.Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as nanomanufacturing. Nanomanufacturing involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also includes research, development, and integration of top-down processes and increasingly complex bottom-up or self-assembly processes.A product of nanomanufacturing A 16 gauge wire (above), approximately 1.3 millimeters in diameter, made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into thread. And the same wire on a one hundred fifty ply spool (below.) Courtesy of Nanocomp.In more simple terms, nanomanufacturing leads to the return of improved materials and new products. As mentioned above, there are two introductory approaches to nano manufacturing, either top-down or bottom-up. Top-down fabrication reduces large pieces of materials all the way down to the nanoscale, like someone carving a model airplane out of a block of wood. This approach requires larger amounts of materials and can lead to waste if excess material is discarded. The bottom-up approach to nanomanufacturing creates products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components, which can be time-consuming. Scientists are exploring the concept of placing veritable molecular-scale components together that will spontaneously self-assemble, from the bottom up into ordered structures. deep down the top-down and bottom-up categories of nanomanufacturing, there are a growing number of new processes that enable nanomanufacturing. Among these areChemical vapor deposition is a process in which chemicals react to produce very pure, high-performance filmsMolecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing highly cont curlered thin filmsAtomic so cio-economic class epitaxy is a process for depositing one-atom-thick layers on a surfaceDip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is douse into a chemical fluid and then used to write on a surface, like an old fashioned ink pen onto paperNanoimprint lithography is a process for creating nanoscale features by stamping or printing them onto a surfaceRoll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to produce nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metalSelf-assembly describes the process in which a conclave of components come together to form an ordered structure without outside cautionStructures and properties of materials can be improved through these nanomanufacturing processes. Such nanomaterials can be stronger, lighter, more durable, water-repellent, anti-reflective, self- gaudying, ultraviolet- or infrared-resistant, antifog, antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive, among other traits. Taking advantage o f these properties, todays nanotechnology-enabled products range from baseball bats and tennis rackets to catalysts for refining crude fossil oil and ultrasensitive detection and identification of biological and chemical toxins.A high announcement image of a graphene transistor with a sheet of carbon only one atom thick. This high speed electronic device was created using nanoscale processes, and may one day be used for better computer hips. (Courtesy of James Yardley, Columbia University Nanocenter, an NNI-sponsored NSEC)Nanoscale transistors may someday lead to computers that are faster, more powerful, and more energy efficient than those used today. Nanotechnology also holds the potential to exponentially increase knowledge storage capacity soon your computers entire stock will be able to be stored on a whiz tiny chip. In the energy arena, nanotechnology will enable high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells.For more products and applications that use nanotechnology , see Benefits Applications or browse our database of the NNIs Major Achievements in Nanotechnology.Nanotechnology RD, and the eventual nanomanufacturing of products, requires advanced and often very expensive equipment and facilities. In order to realize the potential of nanotechnology, NNI agencies are investing heavily in nanomanufacturing RD and infrastructure. Over 90 NNI-funded centers and user facilities across the country provide researchers the facilities, equipment, and trained round to develop nanotechnology applications and associated manufacturing processes.The NNI helps drive the nanomanufacturing field by providing researchers and small businesses with access to this narrow down equipment in order to maintain global U.S. competitiveness. To assist in means coordination in the area of nanomanufacturing, the Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee created the Nanotechnology Innovation and Commercialization Ecosystem (NICE) Working Group.Th e Presidents FY 2017 work out provides $1.4 billion for the National Nanotechnology Initiative, including an estimated $37 million for nanomanufacturing.The National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN) is an trammel of academic, government and industry partners that cooperate to advance nanomanufacturing strength in the U.S. The NNI and its section agencies actively participate in, support, and contribute to the NNN in its mission to advance nanomanufacturing.The NNN serve wells as part electronic resource, part community of practice, and part network of experts working on the development of nanomanufacturing. The NNN fosters technology transition and exchange through a host of activities including reviews and archiving of emerging materials, processes, and areas of practice, strategic workshops and roadmap development. InterNano is the information arm of the NNN-a digital depository library resource of timely information on nanomanufacturing and a platform for collaboration, provid ing information archiving in areas of processes and tools, standards, reports, events, and environmental health and safety databases.A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zrich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.12 For a STM, good event is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution.3 With this resolution, individual atoms within materials are routinely imaged and manipulated. The STM can be used not only in ultra-high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from pricy zero kelvin to over 1000C.45 STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resul ting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states (LDOS) of the sample.4Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tips position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form. STM can be a challenging technique, as it requires extremely clean and stable surfaces, sharp tips, excellent vibration control, and sophisticated electronics, but til now many hobbyists have built their own.Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) or scanning-force microscopy (SFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by feeling or touching the surface with a mechanical probe. piezoelectric elements that facilitate tiny but accurate and precise movements on (electronic) eclipse enable very precise scanning.The AFM has three major abilities force measurement, imagin g, and manipulation.

Association of IL-12β rs3212227 and Psoriasis

standstill of IL-12 rs3212227 and Psoriasis deed of conveyance Associations amongst IL-12 rs3212227 pleomorphism and ability to psoriasis a meta-analysisRunning title Association of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasisHighlightsWe performed a Meta-analysis to assess the intimacy ofIL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis.Association between IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis was proved.IL-12 rs3212227 is the competency constituent of psoriasis in Asiatic and European.AbstractPurpose The direct of this meta-analysis was to explore whether IL-12 rs3212227 pleomorphism confer susceptibility to psoriasis.Methods We performed a computerized writings search before celestial latitude 2013. Review Manger 5.2 was utilise to perform meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted on the associations between IL-12 rs3212227 pleomorphism and the risk of psoriasis.Results Nine studies involving 17,620 subjects were include in this meta-analysis. Significant association was effectuate between psoriasis and IL -12 rs3212227 allele in all study subjects (C vs. A OR=0.68, 95%CI =0.64-0.72, PConclusions This meta-analysis demonstrated that the IL-12 rs3212227 polymorphism is associated with the risk of psoriasis.Keywords IL-12, polymorphism, psoriasis, Meta-analysis, susceptibility factorIntroductionPsoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory pelt disease, characterized by cutaneal hyperplasia and infiltration of leukocytes into the dermis and epidermis 1. An recent taxonomical review 2 report that the prevalence in children ranged from 0% (Taiwan) to 2.1% (Italy), and in adults it varied from 0.91%(United States) to 8.5% (Norway). In children, the relative incidence estimate report (United States) was 40.8/100,000person- divisions. In adults, it varied from 78.9/100,000 person-years (United States) to 230/100,000 person-years (Italy).It describe that psoriasis occurred by the fundamental interaction between transmissible and environmental factors 3 and the immune mechanism pla ys an essential utilisation in the chronic development and progression of psoriasis 4. However, until now the exact aetiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis remain unclear 5. flowingly, the study of psoriasis susceptibility genes is a hot research direction.IL-12 is a kind of key cytokines involved in T kiosk immune 6. It confirmed thatIL -12 is closely related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis . rs3212227 is a SNP in 3 untranslated region 7. Tsunemi et al. 8 reported the association of rs3212227 with risk of psoriasis. Capon et al. reported that in that respect was large association between rs3212227 and psoriasis. It prognosticated that IL-12 rs3212227 may be one of the psoriasis susceptibility genes. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether IL-12 rs3212227 polymorphisms confer susceptibility to psoriasis.Methods belles-lettres searchA literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline and Embase up to December 2013. We screened all fields by combining the t erm psoriasis or psoriatic, interleukin-12 or IL-12 and genetic polymorphism or genetic variant.Selection criteriaLiteratures were include in this meta-analysis if they met each of the succeeding(a) criteria (1) case-control studies between patients with psoriasis ( observational group) and hospital-establish or population-based individuals (control group), (2) published English literatures involving studies of association between IL-12 genetic polymorphism and psoriasis, and (3) having the data of genotype and frequency of allele in the experimental and control group or obtaining by computing. Studies were excluded when genotype distribution in the control group did not meet the test of hardy-weinberg equilibrium.Data extraction and forest assessmentData extraction was conducted by two reviewers one by one. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by discussion with a third investigator. From the include studies, the sideline data were abstracted the first author name, y ear of matter, country or race, genotype distribution inthe experimental and control group, gender ratio and implicate age of the subjects in the experimental and control group. In this meta-analysis, we applied the criteria based on Clark et al 9 to assess the graphic symbol of included studies. On the nucleotide of their rack ups, the included studies were classified into ternary levels low quality (0-4), moderate quality (5-7)and high quality (8-10).Statistical analysisTest of hardy-weinberg equilibrium 10 was conducted to hold in the quality of the included literatures before running meta-analysis. Review Manger 5.2 was used to perform meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated under phoebe bird genetic models the allele model (C vs. A), the dominant model (CC+AC vs. AA), the recessive allele model (CC vs. AA+AC), the homozygous/additive model (CC vs. AA) and the heterozygous model (CC vs. AC). heterogeneity was evaluated using by the chi-square-based Q statistic test 11 and I2 test with 12. Subgroup analysis was performed by the deviance of ethnicity. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to see the stability of pooled results by sequential slackness of individual studies 13. Funnel plots were used to assess the possibility of publication bias.ResultsLiterature searchIn total, 114 potentially relevant studies were identified and screened after an initial search. Among them, 98 articles were excluded after screening based on abstracts or titles. five-spot out of these 16 remaining literatures were excluded be sheath of duplicate publication. Then 2 studies were removing because in that respect was no available data. As a result, 9 literatures were included in this meta-analysis. A flow diagram of the search process is shown in Fig.1.Characteristics of included studiesThe characteristics of 9 included studies 8, 14-21 were summarized in Table 1. The publication years of these studies ranged from year 2 002 to 2013. A total of 17,620 subjects were involved in this meta-analysis, including 6,520 psoriasis patients and 11,150 healthy controls. The race of these subjects was egg white or Asiatic except one study in which mingle racial subjects were studied. None of the SNPs had genotype frequencies that deviated remarkablely from HardyWeinberg equilibrium in these included studies. All quality scores of included studies were from 5 to 8. It showed that the included studies were moderatehigh quality literatures in this meta-analysis.Meta-analysis of the association between IL-12 rs3212227 polymorphism and psoriasisSummary results of this meta-analysis for the association between IL-12 rs3212227 polymorphism and psoriasis were shown in Table 2. For the genotype model of CC+AC vs. A, no heterogeneity (I2=57%, P=0.02) existed in the included literatures, so the random effects model was used. For the new(prenominal) genotype model, fixed effects model was used because of significant h eterogeneity among studies.The meta-analysis results showed the highly significant association of these alleles with psoriasis (C vs. A OR=0.68, 95%CI =0.64-0.72, PC vs. A OR= 0.66, 95%CI =0.61-0.70, P sensitiveness analysis and publication biasSensitivity analysis by move one study at a time did not indicate the dominant set of any single study. The funnel plot showed that in that respect was no obvious publication bias was shown in the result.DiscussionIn this meta-analysis, we combined data from published studies to evaluate genetic associations between polymorphisms of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis. Our meta-analysis of IL-12 rs3212227 showed significant association of the IL-12 rs3212227 polymorphisms with the risk of psoriasis. Another meta-analysis 22 reported the association of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis. Compared with that one, in that location were three the advantages of this meta-analysis. The first one was that this meta-analysis had been more recently (2013) con ducted to synthesize evidence concerning the association of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis. Second, furthermore subgroup analysis by ethnicity was performed and showed that the results did not varies with the diversion of ethnicity. Third, the publication meta-analysis reported no heterogeneity among the included studies. Nevertheless, in this meta-analysis, heterogeneity was found among the included studies in the genotype model of CC+AC vs. AA. Exploring the sources of heterogeneity was utilizable to study the association of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis. Thus, further well-designed studies strike to focus on exploring the sources of heterogeneity.In the publication studies, it demonstrated that IL-12 was closely related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. It reported that the mRNA 23and protein looking 24 of IL-12 p40 was increased in the psoriatic skin. Efficacy was obtained by the drug therapy on immunization targets 25. The SNP, rs3212227, is located in IL-12 gene 26. The exp ression of IL-12 p40 was changed after import homozygous gene fragment into cell 27. It indicated that the change of allele might cause change in the expression of IL-12p40 and affect the function of IL-12p40. Then a series of immune responses were triggered. Finally, these events would lead to the onset of psoriasis. These findings prove that IL-12 rs3212227 may be the susceptibility gene of psoriasis. The result of this meta-analysis provided further evidence of the association betweenthe polymorphisms of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis.It reported that the occurrence of psoriasis varied according to geographic region 2. And the family genes are difference in each region. In this meta-analysis, subgroup analysis was performed by the difference of ethnicity. However, the subjects did not contain all the population. Thus, it proved that rs3212227 is the susceptibility gene of psoriasis in Asian and European. Further studies need to be done to study the influence of ethnicity. certify study has some limitations that require specific consideration. The first one is that there is no enough data of age and sex to concern the influence of these confounding factors for the result of this meta-analysis. Second limitation is that the type of psoriasis cannot be analyze because of the limited information. Furthermore, there are many other possible susceptibility genes, but only one of them was selected to do this meta-analysis.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we determined that there was significant association between the polymorphisms of IL-12 rs3212227 and psoriasis. IL-12 rs3212227 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. For researching the pathogenesis of psoriasis, all the susceptibility genes as well as the interaction among them need to be studied in the future.References1. Bromley SK, Larson RP, Ziegler SF, Luster AD IL-23 Induces Atopic Dermatitis-Like Inflammation rather of Psoriasis-Like Inflammation in CCR2-Deficient Mice. PloS one 2013, 8(3)e58196.2. Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM Global epidemiology of psoriasis a opinionated review of incidence and prevalence. diary of investigatory Dermatology 2012.3. Naldi L Risk Factors for Psoriasis. Current Dermatology Reports 2013, 2(1)58-65.4. 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Huffmeier U, Lascorz J, Bohm B, Lohmann J, Wendler J, Mossner R, Reich K, Traupe H, Kurrat W, Burkhardt H et al genic variants of the IL-23R route association with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris, but n o specific risk factor for arthritis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2009, 129(2)355-358.18. Nair RP, Ruether A, Stuart PE, Jenisch S, Tejasvi T, Hiremagalore R, Schreiber S, Kabelitz D, Lim HW, Voorhees JJ et al polymorphisms of the IL12B and IL23R genes are associated with psoriasis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2008, 128(7)1653-1661.19. Nair RP, Stuart PE, Kullavanijaya P, Kullavanijaya P, Tejasvi T, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT Genetic evidence for involvement of the IL23 pathway in Thai psoriatics. Archives of dermatological research 2010, 302(2)139-143.20. Oka A, Mabuchi T, Ikeda S, Terui T, Haida Y, Ozawa A, Yatsu K, Kulski JK, Inoko H IL12B and IL23R gene SNPs in Japanese psoriasis. Immunogenetics 2013, 65(11)823-828.21. smith RL, Warren RB, Eyre S, Ho P, Ke X, Young HS, Griffiths CEM, Worthington J Polymorphisms in the IL-12 and IL-23R Genes Are Associated with Psoriasis of primordial Onset in a UK Cohort. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007, 128(5)1 325-1327.22. Zhu KJ, Zhu CY, Shi G, Fan YM Meta-analysis of IL12B polymorphisms (rs3212227, rs6887695) with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology foreign 2013, 33(7)1785-1790.23. Jiqun C, Yating T, Jiawen L, Changzheng H, Zhixiang L, Daofan L A study on the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 P35, P40 mRNA in the psoriatic lesions. Journal of Tongji Medical University 2001, 21(1)86-88.24. Yawalkar N, Karlen S, Hunger R, Brand CU, Braathen LR Expression of interleukin-12 is increased in psoriatic skin. Journal of investigative dermatology 1998, 111(6)1053-1057.25. ONeill JL, Kalb RE Ustekinumab in the therapy of chronic administration psoriasis. Biologics targets therapy 2009, 3159.26. smith RL, Warren RB, Eyre S, Ho P, Ke X, Young HS, Griffiths CE, Worthington J Polymorphisms in the IL-12 and IL-23R genes are associated with psoriasis of early onset in a UK cohort. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007, 128(5)1325-1327.27. Morahan G, Huang D, Ymer SI, Canci lla MR, Stephen K, Dabadghao P, Werther G, Tait BD, Harrison LC, Colman PG Linkage disequilibrium of a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus with a regulatory IL12B allele. Nature genetics 2001, 27(2)218-221.Table 1 Characteristics of included studies.Authors course of instructionCountrypopulationExperimental group/control groupscorePHWEmare%age (years)nCapon F12007UKEuropean65.4/5052.1/-318/28880.05Capon F22007UKEuropean42.4/5044.1/49519/52880.05Cargill M12007 regular armyEuropean45.528467/ viosterol70.5876Cargill M22007USAEuropean45.529498/49870.9129Eiris N2012SpainEuropean54/5547/47304/42260.1045Hffmeier U2009GermanyEuropean62/5848.2/31.61114/93760.05Nair RP12008GermanyEuropean360/109770.05Nair RP22008USAEuropean1450/142570.05Nair RP32010ThailandAsian58/4234/45206/11470.8488Oka A2013JapaneseAsian560/5608Smith RL2008UKMixed581/468160.5815Tsunemi Y2002JapaneseAsian143/10050.3177PHWEthe result of the test of hardy-weinberg equilibriumTable 2 Meta-analysis of the associations between IL-12 rs3212227 polymorphisms and psoriasisPolymorphismpopulationTest of associationTest of heterogeneityOR (95%CI)pPI2C vs. A general0.68 (0.64, 0.72)0.1827%European0.66 (0.61, 0.70)Asian0.71 (0.62, 0.82)CC+AC vs. AAOverall0.61 (0.53, 0.71)0.0257%European0.62 (0.52, 0.73)Asian0.45 (0.25, 0.82)CC vs. AC+AAOverall0.53 (0.43, 0.66)0.850%European0.48 (0.36, 0.64)Asian0.56 (0.36, 0.85)CC vs. AAOverall0.46 (0.36, 0.57)0.780%European0.42 (0.31, 0.56)Asian0.43 (0.26, 0.70)AC vs. AAOverall0.65 (0.59, 0.71)0.1633%European0.62(0.56, 0.69)Asian0.66 (0.44, 0.98)Figure legendsFig.1 Selection of relevant publications, reasons for exclusion.Fig.2 Forest plot displaying the results of the meta-analysis on the genotype of C vs. AFig.3 Funnel plot analysis of publication bias.________________________________________________________________________

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences

patoiss interlingual rendition and Cultural DifferencesIdioms Translation and Cultural DifferencesAbstract As we know, talking to is be ber of culture and tongues argon heavily cultur eithery peeved phrases and sen cristalces. To read position barbarisms involves obstacles for Chinese features. When an idiomatical expression is being seed, we leave come it often hard to be translated. While the key to translate is that its synecdochic kernel should be remained. In this paper, it is from living conditions, customs, religions belief and historical allusions to follow cultural differences amid position and Chinese idioms, and detailed description of methods in incline and Chinese idioms description.Key words Language , Cultural differences , Idioms , Translation methods1. Introduction Language is the carrier of culture. Both slope and Chinese spoken communication has a large history.They have a large number of idioms, they are implicitly, humor, serious and e fo rkant. While idioms are a genuinely important carve up of any language, and idiom description plays an important role in comment. Idiom is a speech form or an expression of a wedded language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or ho riding habitnot be to a lower placestood from the single meanings of its elements. Idioms include colloquialisms, proverbs,slangs and so on. When we translate idioms from Chinese into English or English into Chinese, we should know the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and we aft(prenominal) part honour the right translation methods.2. the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms Idioms translation is an intercultural activity, therefore, we should take cultural differences into consideration when we translate them. And the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms can be classified into four types.2.1. From living conditions The inseparable environment is the basis of hu creation livi ng and development. chinaware is a orbit with continental climate, Chinese lot live in the continent of Asia. Since antediluvian patriarch times, China is a large agricultural country, the land is important to pluralitys life. Therefore, there are many idioms related to wind, agriculture and land-related. such as ( roll out the root of trouble ), ( seasonable weather for crop increase ), ( spend m maveny the like water ) ( anything is ready except the eastmost wind ), ( )Chinese people can construe its meaning, for British people it is difficult. Because in Chinese east wind symbolizes spring and warmth , and The United state is located in the western hemisphere north temperate zone, with nautical climate. In England, east wind comes from the northern part of the European continent, and it symbolizes parky and unpleasant ,while west wind symbolizes spring in England, so they can not understand the real meaning of Chinese idiom. In English there are many i dioms related to water, fish, boat and so on, ofttimes(prenominal) as as weak as water (), in doubtful water () to keep ones head above water (), water under the bridge ()drink like a fish (), to miss the boat (), all at sea ().2.2. From customs There are many differences between English and Chinese customs. In China, people think themselves are descendant of the Dragon, the dragon is a symbol of auspicious animals. Thus, we have dragon-related idioms contain favourable sense. Such as (To expect ones son to become an outstanding personage), (Harmony reigns) and so on. In western countries, they think dragon is a shoot-breathing animal and it is terrifying. In addition, peoples attitude toward the label is different. In English-speaking countries, people think the dog is a flock animal to human, such as Youre a well-fixed dog(),Every dog has his day().On the contrary, the dog is a lowly animal in China. Such as ( brutal and cold-blooded ),( the damned snobbish ),( a dogs embouchure emits no ivory ),etc.There is another specimen, in Chinese culture, ox is the symbol of diligence. From ancient times, Chinese farmers went in for farming with the admirer of ox. So Chinese give love and praise to ox. Then in Chinese we have when it is translated into English, it should be as strong as a horse, Chinese people say , in English, people say work like a horse . We use different animal to express the resembling meaning. In Chinese, there are some idioms related to eat , for example agent find oneself in serious trouble,means can be persuaded by reason simply not be cowed by force. slightly idioms because of their distinctive national features, can not found in English corresponding expression.2.3. From religions belief Religious belief is an important part in culture. Different religious beliefs had different reflections in different idioms. Chinese people believe in Buddhism and Taoism, therefore there are many Chinese idioms are related to Bud dhism. Such as ( borrowing the opportunity ),( buyback of all sentient beings ),( when the devil was sick, the devil a monk would be ),( While the priest climb a post, the devil climb ten )etc. While in English-speaking countries, people believe in Christianity. So they have many idioms related to Christianity. Such as as unforesightful as a church mouse () God help those who help themselves (), God sends fortune to fools (), Go to hell (), Gods mill goes slowly, only if it powder well (), wash ones hands off (), the Day of Judgement () and so on.2.4. From historical allusions An important part of historical culture is historical allusion, and England and China have a large number of idioms originated from historical allusion. These idioms are uncomplicated but far-reaching, and we often can not be understood from the material meaning. In Chinese we have ( wait for windfalls ),( give out late than neer ),( spoil things by excessive enthusiasm )( Mantis catch a cicada, sis kin is hind.),( be pounded on all sides )etc. Most English allusive idioms come from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology. Such as Achilles weenie (), Penelopes web (), The Trojan Horse (), Meet ones Waterloo (), swan song (), pointer of Cupid (), A Pandoras box (), The apple of discord ()and so on.3. Principle and methods of idiom translation Idioms are usually short in form but profound in sense. Each idiom bears an moving picture and a metaphoric meaning. Idioms translation should be faithful. Faithful means the Chinese version essential be faithful to the English idiom at least in metaphoric sense, and English idioms are not exactly bear on to the Chinese idioms in tropical sense though they appear to be. For example, thrust ones leg is not agree to , move heaven and earth is not equal to and childs play is not equal to . In order to be faithful in translation ,we should convey the original analogical meanings and sacrifice the assures. Therefore, pull ones leg can be rendered into Chinese as , move heaven and earth can be rendered into and childs play can be rendered into Chinese as . All these renditions are faithful to the original rhetorical meanings. So each idiom bears an image and a extended meaning. An English idiom and a Chinese idiom which are same in image maybe different in figurative meaning. If we can transfer both the image and the figurative meaning by literal translation, we should use literal translation. If we can not, we should better keep the figurative meaning and sacrifice the image. Then, we should use lighten translation. Generally speaking, the common methods of translating idioms are the following types 1. Literal translation 2. Free translation 3. Literal translation + Free translation 4. fit translation3.1. Literal translation A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. If the image and the figurative meaning are not contradictory to each other, then both of them can be retained in the translation, we should make efforts to reduce the loss in translation and use literal translation method as much as possible. For instance, time is money is translated into , which preserves its original image and figurative meaning. There are many idioms of this patient ofIn English,1) Forbidden payoff is sweet. 2) In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. 3) If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 4) Half a loaf is better than no bread. 5) The Trojan horse. 6) Blood is thicker than water. 7) Misfortunes never come singly. 8) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. In Chinese,1)It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.2)A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.3)As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a persons heart.4)New-born calves make little of tigers.5)Distant water sanctimoniousness quench present. As the langu age roots of the cultural is different, literal translation is likely to be ambiguous and vague. In this case, we should add annotation. Such as We know Chukeh Liang was a famous person in Chinese history, but maybe some western people have nothing active him. We can translate it into Three cobblers withe their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang, the master mind . ( show off ones proficiency with axe forward Lu Ban, the master carpenter )And in English, to carry coals to New rook ()3.2. Free translation Free translation means transmitting the figurative meaning in the original English idiom by means of free translation. And it usually loses the original image, like the translation of the English idiom Call a spade a spade , whose image and figurative meaning can not be accepted by the Chinese readers at the same time if they are literally rendered into Chinese as . So the translator can put it into Chinese as , which is pronto accepted by the Chinese readers. There are many id ioms of this kindIn Chinese, 1)Frankly speaking. 2) is a Chinese idiom, for Chinese people, it is easy to understand, and if we translate it into Dong Shi imitates Xi Shi , it will very difficult for western people to understand. Because they maybe dont know Dong Shi and Xi Shi. So we can translate it into crude imitation with ludicrous effect 3)What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts. ( If we use method of lateral translation, lose where the fair weather rises and gain where the sun set, the readers will can not understand it. ) 4)A loss may turn out to be a gain. ( due to the readers dont know the background of this idiom, we can not translate into When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing it was a blessing in disguise? ) 5)There will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed. ( If we translate it into Until Qing Fu is done extraneous with, the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over , the r eaders will not understand a persons name and country name. )6)A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence. ( We can not translate it into No ccc taels of silver buried here. )In English,1) a skeleton in the cupboard ()2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. ( It can not be translated into )3) Every man has a fool in his sleeve. ( It can not be translated into )4) When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. ( It can not be translated into ) or so idioms from the religious literature, usually we need to use free translation. Such as ( All physical existence is vanity),( free from human desires and passions ),( principal and subordinate causes ),( human society ) and so on.3.3. Literal translation and Free translation This method means to transfer both the figurative meaning and image of source language idiom into target language with the help of free translation. This translation method can help retain the original figurative meaning an d image, which can be accepted by the target language readers.In Chinese the fire is singeing the eyebrows a desperate situation hypnotism a birch and ask for a flogging offer a humble apology show off ones dexterity with the axe in advance Lu Ban the master carpenter display ones slight skill before an expertIn EnglishA bull in a china shop The cat weeps over the mouse. There is no rose without a thorn.Every flow has its ebb.3.4. Adapted translation several(prenominal) English idioms are found exact counterparts in Chinese which are dissimilar to them in images. In this case we can use these idiomatic Chinese expressions to replace the English idioms. For examplesIn English, 1) He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. 2) Like begets like. 3) Many straws may bind an elephant. 4) When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game. In Chinese, 1) A little knowledge is a atrocious thing. 2) Wonder is the daughter of ignorance. 3) Look before you leap. 4) Like a dows e to water. 5) Like father like son.4. Conclusion Idioms are a very important part of any language. So necessary knowledge of cultural differences is indispensable to the translation of idioms. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. When we are translating an idiom, its a basic requirement that we should remain its figurative meaning. For the translator, he must have a good command of English and Chinese language and cultures.References1 20022 4 20063 20094 20095

Assessing The Rights Of Children

Assessing The Rights Of ChildrenIn general, all around the world Children do not have the right(a) to make major decisions in their life. to the highest degree of the decisions that affect the chelargonn ar made by their p arents or guardians such as teachers, amic fitting deeders etcSo because of this lack of decision making, sisterren are somewhattimes abused and utilize for the benefit of their guardians. And as a result, the churl is both mentally and psychologically harmed. For this reason political and nongovernmental organizations and their expertise are trying to overcome this crucial society problem by making laws that protect the sisterren from organism harmed by their guardians and the society they are living in. Furthermore, these organizations make sure that childrens get the elementary necessities like, education, food, shelter etc In a sufficient and proper way.There are some international and local anesthetic children rights that are drafted by internatio nal governmental and nongovernmental organization who work toward the benefits and safeties of the children. So we would be discussing who should be considered as a child and what laws exist to protect these children. Then, well briefly describe what Islam speculates round the rights of children and role of parenting. And finally, we are termination to introduce some of the major local and international organizations working on this area and our groups practical part which we created sensation we about the children rights and the role of parenting through surveys and meeting with students .What are children rights?As either kind-hearted being childrens have rights. And these rights are nothing but human rights with some special protection and superintend abandoned to the young ones (children). These rights are the right to associate with both biological parents, human identity as well as the basic needs such as shelter, water, food, education, immoral laws set aside to the ir ripen and health accusation .Children rights are very large and maintainive to each society. However, roughly society agrees that we should allow children to be issue from being mentally, emotionally and physically abused.Who is a Child?A child is a young person especially between infancy and young person (Merriam Webster , 2010). However, this is a very general and vague definition .The question whitethorn arise, how previous(a) should the person be to reach youth or in former(a) word what is the range of infancy and who is youth. For these questions there is no detail answer because each and every farming has their own ways of considering some be as an adult or not. I think it would be diffuse to define adult than a child. And this would help us understand the child which is just the opposite of being adult.Adult is the get along that someone bottom legally ballot, marry or sometimes goat buy alcohols, be charged with crime as the adult age. However, this can v ary from country to country. For instance child labor in Syria, Bangladesh or Paraguay is minimum 12 whereas well-nigh other countries set 14 to 16 years old. And In USA the figure is completely variant. A person to legally work should be minimum 18 years old and 15-17 can moreover work if they have permission from their guardians only.Marriage is one of the major things that dispel adults from children. A married person is usually considered as an adult. Because he/she is going to become a guardian of their children and they should be able to take care of their families. In many countries the age of marriage varies. For instance, in many African countries, such as Mali, Niger and Mozambique, over 50% of girls are married forwards they turn 18. In Yemen, 64% of girls are married before 18, and in Bangladesh, 81% of girls marry before 18. (Nour, 2006)Another interesting issue that most people consider themselves as an adult is the age to vote and steady down who should lead or being able to run for election. In most countries around the world the legal age to vote is 18 even in some countries like Australia and Germany the legal age to vote can be only 16.This shows that a 16 years old in Germany is considered as an adult while in Italy the minimum age to vote to elect a senator is 25 and in Liechtenstein, a person to vote should be 30 years old or above.Also, in different religions scripture there are differences on who is a child or who should be considered as an adult. In Jews, a 13 years old kid is considered as an adult and is able to attended ceremonies and parties. On the other hand in most of the time Islam considers someone who is above 15 as an adult.In short, there is no specific exact age of considering someone a child. However, in each country they have some part of the society that are considered as a child .So with respect to each country there are some right given to the child prior to the age of adolescence.Historical background of the r ights of childrens lawSo far there is no specific point where we can say the history of children rights started, however for the past 50 years and so the rights of the children are becoming clearer and separated from the other general human rights.Universal settlement of Human rights is considered as the basis for all the international legal children rights. The 1923 solvent of rights of children drafted by Englantyne Jeeb and Dorothy Buxton in London, England in 1919 is appreciated by league of commonwealth and adopted by the united nation in 1946, and then considered as the Convention on the rights of the Child.The first legally binding international body that incorporates with civil, cultural, political, social and economical rights is the Convention on the rights of the Child monitored by the commissioning on the rights of the child. It is human right palmy with 190 ratifications. Only the deuce countries which didnt sign for this treaty are the United States and Somalia. S omali didnt sign because of the inner(a) problems its currently facing and United Sates didnt sign because of some contradicting rules like childrens rights to heritage in same-sex marriages and particular rights for youth.The CRC have four major patterns. This principles are the principle of non discrimination, the best interests of the child, the right to life, survival and development, Considering the views of the child in decisions which affect them (according to their age and maturity).Childrens rights law is defined as the point where the law intersects with a childs life. That includes new delinquency, due process for children involved in the criminal justice system, appropriate representation, and effective rehabilitative services care and protection for children in tell apart care ensuring education for all children regardless of their origin, race, gender, disabilities, or abilities, and health care and advocacy. (Ahearn, 2007)Children rights can be categorized in to t hree major categories as Provision, vindication and Participation. Or depending on the child right information net profit (CNN) we can categorize children rights in to two major categories as Economic, social and cultural rights and the second as Environmental, cultural and developmental rights (Freeman, 2000)Provision is the right to live a standard living, get a proper health care, education and be able to enjoy a child life. This includes being able to have a playing place and recreation places. This helps the child to grow healthy, confident and happy in his life. They will learn how to treat people well, how to care for people and help their society in the future.Protection Children have the right to be protected from abuse, exploitation, discrimination and neglect. This includes offering the child a safe place to sleep, live and play.The last category is Participation. A child should be offered a place in the society. They should be able to participate in community programs, youth voice activities and decision makings.

Types of Assessment and Evaluation

Types of Assessment and EvaluationAssessment and military rank has croak critical issues especially in the field of teaching and tuition it requires rattling consideration by some(prenominal) teaching practiti atomic number 53r in any educational institution. This is as well as the area where many teachers sink into the pool of confusion. except it has its fall upon function, which is to collect in induceation on the achievement of every one-on-one educatee and judge their everyday progress. In other words, it serve rattling map in the do of effective teaching and learning.Therefore, this essay ordain explain my grounds of sound judgment and military rating from the statuss of development, formal, informal, special call for, and banners in brief. However, to do this, we first need to define judging and military rank.The word estimate is derived from the Latin word assidere meaning to sit beside. It is obvious that simple tone of this parlance is soothing, and it suggests mutual confidence and understanding. So, it indirectly tells that existence of positive association amidst estimation and the process of teaching and learning in schools is necessary.By and large, estimate is a process of collecting information relative to some determine aims and objectives fasten on ind with schoolchilds progress and achievement in the process of teaching and learning. more than specifically, classroom assessment refers to the process of gathering, recording, interpreting, victimization and communicating information approximately their progress and achievement during the development of k like a shotledge, concepts, skills and attitudes.According to Lloyd-Jones and Bray (1986) assessment is referred to the process in which certain quality of a students education is measured, by the teacher, an tester or the student. It is center to measure worthiness of students performance. Assessment, therefore, involves much more than interrogatory. It is an ongoing process that encompasses many formal and informal activities intended to examine and remedy teaching and learning in all areas of the syllabus.On the other hand, evaluationis more or less defined as the process of mind relative merit, value, or worthiness of educational programs, or techniques by using realistic information generated through and through assessment. It supporters in updating the nature and score of learning plays pivotal role in curricular decision do and it favour better links amidst learning, and the aims and objectives of teaching. Moreover, it creates strong bond between learning and the environments in which learning takes place. Therefore, in educational setting, assessment and evaluation seeks evidence that the learning activities designed for students are effective.Assessment and Evaluation from the perspective of developmentWhy do we assess and evaluate? This is the first move that knocks in my mind whenever I look assessment and evaluatio n from an rake of development. Generally, teachers plays vital role in developmental assessment and evaluation of students learning and programs for many reasonsFirstly, assessment and evaluation help teachers and student affair administrators to bring up their understanding of the ask of a persistently varying student population. In addition, it go away help in identifying developmental delays in students and to develop strategies for intervention. For that, I would prefer to use the concept of integrated nonplus of child development. It is because the model covers up all developmental areas such as sensory, behavioural, language, motor, perceptual, social cognitive and emotional skills. So it can also be apply to cleanse holistic development of students as a student, self, and valu competent citizen of the nation as it reflects their individualizedity as well as their degree of achievement in the field of learning.Secondly, assessment is also meant to develop efficient edu cational institutional thinks and policies to meet students developmental needs and learning styles. They are crucial for locomote the quality and easy accessibility of programs and services.Thirdly, we cannot avoid its greatest contribution in curriculum development. Through assessment and evaluation, we will be able to help curriculum developers for deciding how we might improve courses and programmes. At the same time, as a teacher we can contribute in doing revision on curriculum, course materials, teaching methodologies, etc. It is because assessment results can specially show a potent rational for securing scaffold for curriculum changes, development and review. nominal and Informal Assessment and EvaluationA formal assessment is also sometimes known as summative assessment. And it is generally assessed in the form of quiz, test, or paper and is graded establish on how well student is able to perform. A summative assessment is figurely carried out at the end of unit or mod ule.Furthermore, formal assessments are categorized into criterion-referenced tests and norm-referenced tests. Criterion-referencing is assessment based on certain criterion or principle, and norm-referencing is graded assessment based on the comparisons of learners achievement against one another from time to time.I prefer more of criterion referencing method than norm-referencing because it can be used to judge students achievement and progress on a series of key criteria set based on reasonably expected learning outcomes and objectives. Whereas, norm-referencing is based on the hypothesis, that a more or less similar range of mountains of human performance can be anticipated for any student group.On the other hand, Informal assessment is referred as formative test, and it is a continuous process of assessment and evaluation. Feedback plays vital role here as it allows both learners and teachers to evaluate learning and spot out the areas for improvement.But which one could be th e best form of assessment, formal or informal? In my opinion, the use of informal assessments is best for the overall learning. It facilitate teachers to assess students through a range of classroom-based activities, identify students weakness then and there and dismay work for the improvement, rather than waiting at the last minute alike(p) informal assessment.Assessment and Evaluation for special needs studentsStudents having problems such as motor, linguistic, cognitive, behavioural, organizational, speech and physical disabilities are usually referred as special needs students, and it also includes gifted students. They should not be left out without general education. Special arrangements or special needs accommodations should be offered to them in influence of magnitude to pursue their academic goals and achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency.Similarly they also need to be evaluated and identified their strengths, weaknesses and give manoeuvre principles to make effective progress in attaining their academic goals. Other than teachers and peers, students family should involve in it. So, I feel that, by building an alliance with their parents obtaining students developmental history and current family experience and discussing issues with them would help greatly for addressing challenges in guiding special needs students to succeed like other normal students. Moreover, evaluation will be holistic and addresses all persuasions of functioning. For that we should not forget to take students individual learning styles into account as all students do not have same learning capability and ways.Sometimes students with special needs are integrated in regular classrooms because the main idea of assessment and evaluation in this field itself is to see whether a student is able to adapt, make progress and met objectives in normal class like normal students. Assessment indicates whether the student learned the materials intended and what are some of the drawbacks areas to be improved.So schools and teacher must give all students an equal chance to education. Infect, they should provide counteractive assistance to special needs students. Never the less, we as a teacher, in order to select education program and activities fitted for our students, we must carefully evaluate our options and consider the specific needs of our disenable students.Standards based Assessment and EvaluationHere, it includes two types of educational standards, a field standard and a performance standard. A content standard defines the knowledge, concepts, and skills make grow at each grade level, while performance standard aver the level of performance that is considered acceptable aligning to the benchmark set by the teachers.Standards-based assessment and evaluation is meant to identify students with different pace and capabilities in learning, so that we can design strategies to help them and make all of them achieve and noble to the level t hat they are necessitate to retain certain benchmark in learning.Understanding Standardized Test and its characteristics is necessary when we discuss about assessment and evaluation from the perspective of standard as it is one of the instrument required in standard assessment and evaluation process. Range of knowledge and understanding in specific subject is being assessed through standardized testing on students. And it is a snapshot in time where assessments are administered and scored in the same way for all students.For example, multiple-choice questions and written responses to be answered inwardly a given time assign are examples of standard test. That means students are not allowed to use outer resources or references in order to complete the test. Their performance on these tests decides whether they will be promoted or not from one grade to the next. And this is what almost every school district now administers it.However, it is important for us not to get confused of Standardized tests with the standards movement, which authorize definite grade-level content and performance standards in main subject sphere. Frequently, modulate uniform tests are not associated with state and district content standards, and these causes noticeably lose of connection between what is being taught and what is being tested. So as a teacher we have to process our teaching according to the curriculum.The standard evaluation will enable other school improvement plan and projects, and to bring advance changes in curriculum and pedagogy, and incorporation of new assessments. So standardized assessment and evaluation is uniformly regulated test which it refers to when every student at a particular grade level has to abide the same test with same question, at same time frame in same year throughout the country.In the nutshell, we would find that the descriptions given in above paragraphs are all views from different perspectives constructed by hypothesizing the both spe cial needs students and normal student as an active in structuring their own learning in the context of social interaction role of educational institutions and teachers in establishing the childs stage of development in any aspect of learning, and that information collected through various assessment and evaluation methods will then be used to scaffold the next learning and curriculum development.

Brown vs. Board of Education Art Exhibit :: Art Museum Exhibit Segregation

Black and White walk into Krannert Art Museum, I see something I abide never fancyd before. That something was actually analyzing and appreciating artwork. I have been around artwork before and have looked at many times and I have enjoyed it but I have never really sat down with art to fit it down and notice the gnomish dilate that make it so powerful. today I did at Krannert Art Museum while looking at their embrown vs. Board exhibit. I was able to break everything down and notice the details and by doing this I got a very much more influential experience out of it. At first glance it is the colors in the agency that jump out at you and draws your attention most but later really looking around you see the colorfulness isnt the what the artist wants to guide your attention but instead on all of the black and vacuous all over the room which fits perfectly with the idea the exhibit is trying to get across. This idea is that blacks and whites are equal an d together, as Americans, they are much more powerful then when they stand apart as whites and blacks. As soon as I walked into the exhibit I find it had winsome of an eerie aura to it. The lights were dim and there was a peculiar tranquility that was only interrupted about every ten seconds or so by a low, almost electronic sounding, humming coming from unrivalled of the distant rooms. Also, every so often the lights would flicker a little and between that, and the movie that was playing on the side wall turn between clips, it gave the room a very sporadic supernatural atmosphere. I walked into the two different rooms and two things caught my eye. The brightly sullen flowers and citizenry wallpaper on the left side of the first room, and the huge colored picture of Brett Charles Cook, on the left side of the second room. I noticed that this huge portrait was done using mostly blue and orangish paint, which may have been a way for the artists to get the stude nts there to subsume with the painting or just to catch their attention.

Angels in America Essay -- Kushner Angels in America Essays

Angels in the States         E veryone has his or her own personal faults in life.  Some are looked ingest upon more for their issues than others are.  Homo inner relationships are considered sacrilegious and unethical, so much that we take stock persons having those relations.  We as a society should not look down upon individuals whose sexual preference is different from our own.         The 80s were a time of economic growth and planetary power.  It is also the setting for Tony Kushners play, Angels in America.  In Kushners play it was at time of gay revelation.  Reagans reforms and policies gave homosexual good deal the power and courage to be more open sexually.  Throughout this play, coming out, is a very new evolution, one that Kushner bases his play on.           In the story, many of his characters are homosexual, and the lawfulness about their sexual pre ferences comes out.  Roy Cohn is a successful lawyer in unexampled York, who is dying of AIDS because of his sexual relationships.  He keeps his love relationship take apart from his professional life for the simple fact that if he were exposed to the ill-timed people it could damage his reputation.  This information could be used against him in court.  He lies to people, telling them he has cancer to conceal his homosexuality and prevent them from cognise about his sickness.  Roy is facing disbarment and if they knew he was gay, he would easily be barricaded from being a lawyer.  Roy tells his doctor, Henry, that Roy Cohn is not a homosexual man.  Roy Cohn is a straight person man, who fucks around w... ...er sexual preference, than we as society can accept this kindly of relationship.          The graphic details Kushner describes about living and dying with the AIDS disease, gives the audience both the view of a horrifying disease and hope for the future.  In the beginning of this play, there is a feeling that homosexuality is despised, notwithstanding as the play moves to the second part the mood changes.  It changes to a very relaxed, near understanding, and picture of how homosexuality is viewed.  In contemporary America, homosexuality is becoming genuine as a sexual preference.  Many interest groups, organizations and gay people have strived for this for years.  It is not our right to judge others because of what sexual preference they choose, but it is our God given right to be proud of that choice.

Africa from A to Z :: essays research papers fc

AfricaAtoZByDougWilsonAlgeriaAlgeria is the second-largest country in Africa. Oil and gas products strike up for most of Algerias exports. Algeria ranks as the second largest exporter of gas and oil colour products after Russia. The Sahara desert makes up more than 90 percent of Algerias territory.The population of Algeria is approximately 31 one thousand million people. The primary language of Algeria is Arabic, although cut dialects atomic number 18 also widely spoken. The primary devotion of this country is Sunni Muslim.BotswanaBotswana has the humans richest diamond mines. But, unfortunately it also has the worlds highest support infection rate. Over one-third of Botswanas people suffer from the disease. Although store employs seventy-five percent of the population, diamonds are its richest product. The population of Botswana is approximately one million five vitamin C and seventy-six thousand people. Primary languages spoke are English and Setswana. Their primary rel igion is made up of about 50% local beliefs, and 50% Christian beliefs.ChadChad is one of Africas least authentic countries it has more than 100 languages, third religions and three types of weather. Chads main bloodline of income is cotton and its chief business is cotton ginning. Starting in 2001, a controversial oil pipeline was started in Chad, run by Exxon Mobil, and could start out millions of dollars to the Chad government. The population of the country of Chad is approximately eight million four snow and twenty-five thousand people. Chads official language is French and Arabic, scarcely they also have over 100 other languages in their country. The three main religions are Muslim, Christian and Animist.capital of DjiboutiDjibouti is turn up in Eastern Africa, and borders the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. Djibouti occupies a very grave location at the mouth of the Red Sea, in relation to over-seeing the despatch of goods into and out of East Africa. Their primary sour ces of income and export is agricultural products.The population of Djibouti is approximately four hundred and sixty-seven thousand people. The official languages are French and Arabic, but also include Somali and Afar. This countries primary religion is Muslim.EgyptCairo is the capital city of Egypt. The people of Egypt introduced the idea of irrigation for agriculture from the Nile River. Egypts main export income comes from crude oil and petroleum products as rise up as cotton, textiles and metal products. The Nile River, is known as the father of Africas rivers, and is located in Egypt.The population of Egypt is approximately sixty-eight million three hundred and sixty thousand people.

Population Ecology vs. Neoinstitutional Theory Essay -- Environment, E

Organization- environment relations depict certain areas of UCSB in their entirety in which ii of those theories include population bionomics and neoinstitutional possibleness. Population ecology and neoinstitutional surmise looks at UCSB in divergent perspectives population ecology studies establishments if they are a living or dying species whereas neoinstitutional theory highlights the compositions wideness as an establishment to its field of expertise. With this, I am going to equal both, population ecology and neoinstitutional theory, in relation to the University of California Santa Barbara. I entrust further discuss each of their strengths and weaknesses in accordance to the behavior and environment of institution, faculty, staff, and its students within this presidency. Within nature, whatsoever form of species focus on cream and adaptation towards their environment to better themselves organizations exert this idea as a metaphor to personify the organization-env ironment theory of population ecology underlining any organization functions as a living or dying species. Primarily, population ecology reflects both a rationalist and naturalist perspectives. Population ecology echoes rationalist theory since power is frequently controlled by those in superior positions privileged the organization (Taylor 25). Also, population ecology is natural because it denies specificity and predictability due to the organizations dependence of the fluctuation of environmental resources (Sutton 1/20/11). Ultimately for any organization to adapt and change the future of the establishment, it is compulsory for workers in a dominant position to ruminate any strategies and environmental opportunities and threats (Hannan 930). Henry Yang, as UCSBs ... ...rsity. Conformity limits the organization values and appearance to which they cannot change unless the organization wishes to achieve any backlash. Overall, population ecology and neoinstitutional theory are to uch off of organization-environment relations and are applied throughout UCSB. Population ecology and neoinstitutional theory are two theories describing and affecting the organizational environment at UCSB from two perspectives the population and institutions as a whole. With population ecology, UCSB faces competition dilemmas to keep their organization from dying and additionally, neoinstitutional theory shows UCSB how to appear legitimate through conforming to fiats beliefs and expectations. Although both concepts are vastly differently, they aid UCSB, as intumesce as other organizations, to understanding the lifespan and appearance of its establishment.

Thomas Alva Edison :: essays research papers

doubting Thomas Alva Edison1847-1931Thomas Alva Edison is one of Americas near famous inventors. He invented the sound recording device, motion picture, and the light bulb. Thomas Edison was an amazing man who accomplished many historically important successes during his lifetime. Edison obtained 1,o93 unite States Pa disco biscuitts in telegraphy, phonography, electric lighting and photography. Some of the tricks that Edison Discovered were improvements of other inventions, nearly were things that he invented himself, some things with other peoples help and some he scantily stumbled onto. Edison was most proud of his invention of the phonography. Edison tried to invent things that e genuinelyone could use. Edison created the first invention factory to invent things.Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan, Ohio in February 11, 1847 and died on October 18, 1931 in West Orange, New Jersey. Edison was the seventh and last child of Samuel and Nancy Edison. His parents had no special b ackground. His mother was a former school teacher and his scram was a jack-of-all trades. He ran grocery stores to real estate to carpenting. Edison was a very curios child who asked lots of questions. His brothers and sisters were Marion, William, Calie, Harriet, Samuel, and Eliza.At the age of seven Edisons family moved to Port Haron, Michigan. This is were Edison Began School. After 3 months of going to school Edisons teacher consider him a dampen student. Edisons mom pulled him out of school and starting to teach him herself at home. His parents didnt force him to film things that he didnt enjoy. They encouraged him to learn on his own. They were dedicated in teaching him. They wanted him to learn round things that interested him most. When he was nine years old his mom gave him a elementary science book. It explained how to chemistry experiments at home. Edison did all(prenominal) experiment in the book. Soon he loved chemistry and started spending all of his lay off time and money buying and doing chemistry experiments. At the age of ten he had a science lab in his basement. His parents didnt the like this. He spent to much time doing this.Edison was always out on the job(p) to help support his family and for his experiments. Edison got his first job at the age of dozen as a train boy on the Grand carcass Railway. Edison sold newspapers and candy to passengers. He also printed a newspaper every week called the Grand Trunk Herald.

Friendship in the Kite Runner Essay examples -- Literary Analysis

The line between a friend and an enemy is transparent than one can ever imagine. In the words of Henry David Thoreau, trustworthy friendship is never serene (ThinkExist.com). The job of a friend is so much more than a companion, to pass the time with. They garter us shape our life, and theyre responsible to be that little voice in our ear, to jockstrap us analyze our actions and views. Through ameers relationships, The Kite Runner shows the true manipulation of a friend to point and guide us even when we dont tally total devotion can ruin not only a friendship, but a life.In Hossinis novel, there are plenty of examples of a true friendship, which isnt afraid to criticize and be truthful. The simplest is Amirs wife, Soraya. While some would cite her marriage to Amir isnt a true love match, but quite a an arranged marriage, they are absolutely in love. She isnt afraid, however, to tell Amir of what happened in Virginia (Hosseini 456). She trusts Amir to understand, and to talk to her as a friend. He doesnt try to have got what she did right, but instead he praises her courage as one of umteen ways in which Soraya Taheri was a better person than me (Hosseini 424). Because of this friendship, their relationship becomes an exchange. Amir tells her his entire story ab stunned Hassan and his guilt, and she helps him through his emotional reconciliation with that, by taking in Sohrab and helping bring him to America. They have no secrets, zip fastener goes unspoken, and they help each new(prenominal). While their love might not be viewed as perfect, they temper it with enough truth to keep each other on the right path. An often overlooked character, a simple sheepskin coat family man, shows Amir more tough than tough love, but still turns out to be a true friend... ...le for the past, and to make up for a confounded friendship. By contrasting these relationships, Hosseini proves that healthy relationships require an even measure of disagree ment, correction, and help to stay afloat.Works CitedHosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. iBookstore. New York Penguin eBooks, 2004.LaFollete, Hugh. Pragmatic Ethics. 2007. Blackwell Guide to ethical Theory. 12 January 2010 .Princeton University WordNet. Lexicon Dictionary Search. 20 December 2010. 2011 January 16 .Simon & Garfunkel. The Dangling Conversation. Parsley, Sage, rosemary and Thyme. By Paul Simon. Columbia Records, 1966.ThinkExist.com. Quotes on Friendship. 13 July 2002. 12 January 2011 .

The Red Badge of Courage as a Naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies :: The Red Badge of Courage

The red ink badge of Courage as a naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen exsert, matchless of the most significant and renowned books in American literature, defies straightaway classification, present traits of both the realist and naturalist movements. It is a classic, however, precisely beca implement it does so without sacrificing ace or poignancy. The Red Badge of Courage belongs unequivocally to the naturalist genre, only if realness is also present and used to great effect. The conflict in the midst of these manners mirrors the bloody clash of the war described in the book and the consummate(a) skin between good and evil in human record. on that point argon many characteristics in Cranes novel that would more(prenominal) readily beseem within the category of realness the ordinariness of his characters, the use of dialect, the act of protagonist atomic number 1 Fleming as a complex individual, the explanation of nature as open-hearted in human affairs, and the positive completion of the story. Realism, a lot described as slice of life or photographic writing, attempts to award life exactly as it is, without twisting it or reworking it to fit it into gestate notions of what is appropriate or what is aesthetically pleasing. In this book, Crane relies on uncomplete the oversimplified rationalism of classicist literature nor the emotional idealism of sentimentalist prose. Instead, he offers realistic, believable characters with average abilities. The soldiers are presented neither as epic heroes nor as bloodthirsty killers rather, their most noticeable trait is their overwhelming normalcy. The soldiers of heat contents regiment curse, fight, and argue just like normal people. This down-to-earth, gritty, cursory style is characteristic of naive realism. A particular convention used by Crane in convincing the ratifier of his characters existence is dialect. The distinctive legal tra nsfer of the soldiers enhances the photographic effect of the novel, lending it authenticity. Another distinctive trait of realism is complexness of character a trait readily evident in Henry Fleming. As he switches between cowardice and heroism, compassion and contempt, and optimism and pessimism, the reader observes that he is more than just a stereotype. He is a someone with fears, hopes, dreams, and foibles. temperament is often portrayed as indifferent or disinterested in the affairs of humankind. Whereas naturalism involves emphasis on the hostility of nature, realism lacks this trait. For example, later on fighting a battle, the youth feels a flash of wonder at the blue, pure sky and the sun gleaming on the trees and fields.The Red Badge of Courage as a Naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies The Red Badge of CourageThe Red Badge of Courage as a Naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, one of the most significant and renowned books in American literature, defies outright classification, showing traits of both the realist and naturalist movements. It is a classic, however, precisely because it does so without sacrificing unity or poignancy. The Red Badge of Courage belongs unequivocally to the naturalist genre, but realism is also present and used to great effect. The conflict between these styles mirrors the bloody clash of the war described in the book and the eternal struggle between good and evil in human nature. There are many characteristics in Cranes novel that would more readily fit within the category of realism the ordinariness of his characters, the use of dialect, the portrayal of protagonist Henry Fleming as a complex individual, the description of nature as disinterested in human affairs, and the positive ending of the story. Realism, often described as slice of life or photographic writing, attempts to portray life exactly as it is, without twisting it or reworking it to fit it into preconceived notions of what is appropriate or what is aesthetically pleasing. In this book, Crane relies on neither the oversimplified rationalism of classicist literature nor the emotional idealism of romantic prose. Instead, he offers realistic, believable characters with average abilities. The soldiers are presented neither as epic heroes nor as bloodthirsty killers rather, their most noticeable trait is their overwhelming normalcy. The soldiers of Henrys regiment curse, fight, and argue just like normal people. This down-to-earth, gritty, everyday style is characteristic of realism. A particular convention used by Crane in convincing the reader of his characters existence is dialect. The distinctive speech of the soldiers enhances the photographic effect of the novel, lending it authenticity. Another distinctive trait of realism is complexity of character a trait readily evident in Henry Fleming. As he switches between cowardice and heroism, compassion and contempt, and o ptimism and pessimism, the reader observes that he is more than just a stereotype. He is a person with fears, hopes, dreams, and foibles. Nature is often portrayed as indifferent or disinterested in the affairs of humankind. Whereas naturalism involves emphasis on the hostility of nature, realism lacks this trait. For example, after fighting a battle, the youth feels a flash of astonishment at the blue, pure sky and the sun gleaming on the trees and fields.

Consequences of HIV/AIDS epidemic to Society Essay -- Health, Diseases

Assignment question 3. A) What atomic number 18 some(prenominal) of the possible consequences of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic to1.Society2.The infected individualb) What are some of the Human Rights, confidentiality and criminal law implication of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS?Q1. HIV/AIDS has increasingly taken a toll on the decree in a myriad of dimensions which are worth discussing in station to find the best solutions. Due to HIV/AIDS epidemic, the economies of various countries catch been badly affected and societies have experienced major losses. There is a rapid increase in the number of HIV infected spate with resultant financial burden and major mental and emotional consequences. The rise HIV prevalence has adversely affected the quality of labour in that many versatile and experienced melt downers have succumbed to the disease. Due the loss of skilled tameers to HIV/AIDS, the standard of labour quality has been badly affected resulting in low l evels of production, development and low labour inputs (Nations, n.d). HIV/AIDS too threatens the quality and supply of coming(prenominal) labour in that infected community are incapacitated from engaging in any productive work as their bodies are rendered extremely weak. People who stay out of work need to be supported by others and this creates a high dependence on the limited resources available. The socioeconomic consequences of HIV/AIDS to the auberge are enormous. For instance, many children whose parents are infected with HIV are often constrained to stay out of school and look for work to support their suffer parents. Consequently, a huge and dangerous gap in education is created and the future of these children is marred with uncertainties. At the same time, the ability of the affected children to serve the society is compromised (... ...he infection through reckless male partners. Criminalization of HIV has triggered contend in which population argue that criminali sing HIV infected people does non address the complexities involved in disclosure and instead increases HIV print (UNAIDS, International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, 2006).In addition, custody cannot help people come to terms with their status and develop separate attitude. Instead, a better course would be to promote education and psychological counselling. Treating HIV transmission as murder offence increases stigma and diversity because it is like saying HIV equals death, while we know with the availability of antiretrovirals, people can lead healthy lives even when they are HIV positive. No illness has been treated with the same hysteria as HIV and this is because of its associated branding and promiscuity.

The Art of Decadence Essay -- Literary Analysis

In the late 19th century decadence was a tremendously popular piece of music in European literature. In addition, the subversion of the individual and society at large was represented in numerous contemporary works by Mann. In Death in Venice, the theme of decadence ca employ by estheticism appears through and through Gustav von Achenbachs eccentric, specifically homoerotic, feelings towards a refine boy named Tadzio. Although his feelings spring from a sound source, the boys aesthetic beauty, Aschenbach becomes decadent in how excessively zealous his feelings ar, and his obsession ultimately leads to his factual and existential destruction. This exemplifies how aestheticism is closely related to, and indeed often the cause of decadence. Although the muniment is about more complexities, the authors use of such graphic descriptions suggest the physical, literal aspect of his writing is just as weighty to the meaning of the story.The first and most obvious instance of aesth eticism and decadence as correlating themes in this story is the cognomen, Death in Venice. By fore-grounding the name of the urban center in the title, Mann is highlighting the citys key role in the unfolding narrative. Mann aligns the word Venice with the word death in the title. This creates a relationship between these two wrangling - the word death strongly infuses the word Venice with all its connotations. Death and decay are important ideas within the context of decadence. By shear nature the title relates the c erstpts of death and dying to the city of Venice, which implies that the location is where a death result pop off. However, this is paralleled by the opening of the story when Mann drearily tells of Aschenbachs stroll through Munich. In the reading of this passage it ... ...ut to be the scene of a crowded, smother city filled with cholera that eventually leads to his demise. Before this can occur however, he becomes internally decadent through his indulgenc e in Tadzios appearance. He then changes his appearance to please his idol which in maneuver corrupts himself by turning him into the type of decadent man he once despised. These themes of aestheticism and decadence, not in juxtaposition but in duality, are used frequently by Mann throughout the novella.Works CitedMann, Thomas, and Clayton Koelb. Death in Venice a new translation, backgrounds and contexts, criticism. New York W.W. Norton, 1994. Print.Ritters, Naoimi, and .Jeffrey B. Berlin. the Tradition of European Decadence. Approaches to teaching Manns Death in Venice and other short fiction. New York Modern Language Association of America, 1992. 86-92. Print.

Tycho Brahe :: Essays Papers

Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe provided a great deal of information to the comprehension community and will never be forgotten. Brahe had a large incline on the Scientific Revolution and its happenings. Many people in the duration of Brahe believed that what is discovered through the Scientific Revolution, about the world, is the truth. Also at this magazine people believed that the Bible or their faith would surely out fight reason that was brought by the Scientific Revolution. The are many things that make up Tycho Brahe the person, like his family. Brahes family is of old and distinguished nobility. Members of Brahes family served the king and their country, in council and on the battlefield. 1 Tycho, the first born son to Otte and Beate Bille-Brahe, in declination 1546. Tycho parents named him after his grandfather. Brahes childhood made also made up an important part of who he is. Brahe studied law and philosophy at the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig. Each night after hi s long day of studies, Brahe would always be found looking at the stars in the night sky, before he went to bed. This some people would say, played a large role in what Brahe should do with his future. Brahe is said to be a colorful character when he is in school. He allegedly challenged a fellow student to a duel with swords in a dispute over who was the better mathematician. Brahes nestle is partially cut off, and he was said to wear a aureate and silver replacement upon which he would continually rub oil.2 by and by Brahes wonderful education he would begin his journey to pay off out more about the sky and all that is in it. In 1972 Brahe discovered a supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia. Brahes meticulous observations showed that the supernova did not transform positions with respect to the other stars (no parallax). Therefore, it was a real star, not a local anaesthetic object.3 This is early evidence against the immutable personality of the heavens.4 In 1577 his s tudies of a bright comet showed that it traversed the spheres of the planets, and was not an atmospheric exhalation or an ill omen. twain these phenomena contributed to growing dissatisfaction with the Aristotelian belief in the perfect and unchanging nature of the celestial spheres.5 Brahe spent most of his time traveling and instruct about his discoveries that he would make.

Inventory :: essays research papers

          Name                    Job                                                         of     APPLIANCES     ft     TOTAL      of     BEDROOM1/2/3/4/5     ft     TOTAL          Air Cond. / windowpane Lg.     20     0          Bed Waterbed Base     10     0          Air Cond. / Window Sm.    &n bsp15     0          Bed, Bunk (Set 2)     70     0          Dehumidifier     5     0          Bed, King     70     0          Dishwasher     20     0     1     Bed, Queen     65     65     1     Dryer     11     11          Bed, Rollaway     20     0          Freezer, 10 or less     30     0        &nbs p Bed, hit/Hollywood      40     0          Freezer, 11 to 15     45     0     2     Bed, Std/Dbl./ extensive     60     120          Freezer, 16 or more     60     0           nurse Box     6     0          Range, 20" Wide     10     0           electric chair, Boudoir     10     0          Range, 30" Wide     15     0     2     Chair, Strai ght     5     10          Range, 36" Wide     30     0          Chaise Lounge     25     0          Refrig. 11 ft or more     60     0     3     Chest of underdrawers     25     75          Refrig. 7 to 10 ft     45     0          Chest, Armoire     30     0     2     Refrig. 6 ft or less     30     60          Chest, Batchelor    &nb sp12     0     1     ShopVac     5     5          Chest, true cedar     15     0          Stackable Washer / Dryer     35     0           solar day Bed / Captains Bed      50     0     1     Vacuum tidy     5     5           office, Double     40     0     1      washing Machine     25     25          Dresser, Single     30     0&nbs p     of     dine     ft               Dresser, Triple     50     0          Bakers base     15     0          Dresser, Vanity     20     0          Bench, Harvest     10     0          Dresser/Vanity Bch     3     0     1     Buffet (Base)     30     30          Floor Lamp     3     0           console Corner &nbs p   20     0     1     Futon     25     25     7     Dining Chair     5     35     3     Lamp     3     9     1     Dining circuit card     30     30          Mirror     6     0          Hutch (Top)     20     0     2     Night Table     5     10     2     Lamp     3     6     4      Picture     3     12     0     Mirror     6     0          Student Desk     15     0     0     Picture     3     0     3     Trunk     5     15          Tea Cart     10     0     1     Wardrobe Closet,LG     40     40      of     KITCHEN     ft          1     Wardrobe Closet,SM     20     20           Bakers Rack     15     0      of     NURSERY     ft               Breakfast Suite, Chairs     5     0          Baby Carriage     4     0     1     Bread nobleman     3     3          Bassinet     5     0          Breakfast Table     10     0          Bed, Youth     30     0          Chair, High     5      0          Chair, Childs     3     0          High Chair     5     0          Changing Table     25     0     1     iron Board     2     2          Chest     12     0          Kitchen footlocker     30     0          Chest, Toy     5     0          Lamp     3     0          Childs Rocking Chair       3     0          Microwave Oven     5     0          Crib, Baby     10     0          Microwave Stand     10     0          Playpen     10     0          Mirror     6     0          Rocking Chair     7     0     3     Picture     3     9          Table, Childs     5     0           Serving Cart     15     0      of     PORCH/OUTDOOR     ft                    1     0     1     BBQ Grill, coarse     10     10          Barstool     3     0     1     BBQ Grill, Small     2     2     1     Toaster Oven     1     1          Bird lav     10     0          Utility Cabinet     10     0      3     Chair, Plastic     1     3      of     LIVING ROOM     ft               Chairs, aluminum     1     0          Bar, Portable     15     0     4     Chairs, surface     3     12          Bench, Frsd/Piano     5     0          Chairs, Wood     5     0          Bookcase     20     0          Garden Hose & Tools&nbs p    10     0          Bookshelves, Sect.     5     0          Glider or settee     20     0          Cabinet, Curio     10     0     1     Golf Clubs / start     8     8          Chair, Occasional     15     0          Ladder 6 footfall     3     0          Chair, Overstuffed     25     0          Ladder, 8 Metal     2   &nb sp 0          Chair, Rocker     12     0     1     Ladder, Extension     8     8          Chair, Straight     5     0          Lawn Mover, Rider (HP)     35     0          Clock, Grandfather     20     0     1     Lawn Mower, Hand     5     5          Desk, Secretary     35     0          Lawn Mower, Power     15     0      &nb sp   Desk, SM/Winthrop     22     0     1     Leaf Blower     5     5          Fireplace Equip.      5     0          Outdoor Child Gym     20     0          Footstool     2     0          Outdoor Child slither     10     0          Hall Tree Large     12     0          Outdoor Swings     30     0          Hall Tree Rack    &n bsp2     0          Picnic Bench     5     0          Lamp, Floor/ terminal     2     0          Picnic Table     20     0          Lg. wicker Chair     4     0          Plastic Chair     1     0          Lg. Wicker Sofa     15     0          Roller, Lawn     15     0           cartridge Rack     2     0      & nbsp   Skis / Poles     8     0          Mirror     4     0          Snow Blower     15     0          Music Cabinet     10     0          Spreader, Lawn     2     0          Ottoman     5     0          Statue          0          Papasan Chair     4     0     1     Table, Large     4     4  &nbs p       Phone Stand     4     0          Table, Plastic     2     0          Piano, Baby Gr/Upr     70     0          Table, Small     2     0          Piano, Parlor Gr.     80     0          Trampolene          0          Piano, Spinet/Console     60     0          Umbrella     5     0     3     Picture    &nbs p3     9     1     Wheelbarrow     8     8     1     Recliner     25     25      of     OFFICE/MISC     ft               Room Divider     10     0          2 Dr turn on Cab. Dbl. Wide     20     0          Rugs, Lg. Roll/ swig     10     0          3 Drawer File Cab.     30     0          Rugs, Sm. Roll/Pad     3     0   & nbsp      3 Drawer File Cab.     30     0          Sm. Wicker Chair     2     0          3 Dr File Cab. Dbl. Wide      60     0          Sm. Wicker Sofa     10     0          4 Dr File Cab. Dbl. Wide     40     0          Sofa, Hide, 4 Cush.     60     0          Barbells lbs.          0     1     Sofa, Loveseat     35     35         & nbsp basketful (Clothes)     5     0          Sofa, Sectional (per sec.)     30     0     1      oscillation     5     5     1     Sofa, 3 Cushion     50     50          Bowling Ball/Bag     3     0          Table Lamps     3     0          Chairs, Folding     1     0     3     Tables, Coffee/ dismiss     5     15     1     Clothes Hamper   &n bsp 5     5          Tables, Drop/Occas     12     0          Cot, Folding     10     0      of     ELECTRONICS      ft          1     Desk, Office     30     30          Ceiling Fan     7     0     1     Exercise Machine     20     20          Chair     5     0          Exercycle     5     0           Computer Desk     20     0          Fan     5     0     1     Computer pressman     5     5          Fern/Plant Stands     2     0          Copier     40     0     1     Filing Cab. 2 Drawers     10     10     1     DVD     3     3          Filing Cab. 4 Drawers     20     0          Entertainment Ctr.     20   &n bsp 0          Filing Cab.Crdbd     3     0     1     Fax     5     5          Footlockers     5     0          Floor Speaker     5     0     1     Heater, Gas/ voltaic     5     5